Where We Have Been; Where We Can Go. Energy. and the Human Journey: Where We Have Been; Where We Can Go. By Wade Frazier. Version 1. May 2. 01. 5. What Has Not Worked So Far, and What Might. Footnotes. Dedication.
This essay is dedicated to the memory of Mr. Professor and Brian, two great men whom.
Buckminster. Fuller’s pupils called my writings “comprehensivist” and I did not know. I realize that almost nobody on Earth today can pass the. I do not ask. that of anybody whom I will attempt to recruit into my upcoming effort.
Below is a diagram of. Buckminster Fuller. For that simplest element, hydrogen, its lone electron has an affinity to pair. Provides the power for all of Earth's geophysical, geochemical, and.
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Earth. Life on Earth beginsc. Organisms begin to capture chemical energy. Enzymes appearc. 3.
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Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by millions of times, making. LUCA) possible. Photosynthetic organisms first appearc. Organisms begin to directly capture photonic solar energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis first appearsc.
Oxygen is generated, which complex life will later use, which makes. Aerobic respiration first appearsc. Allows for more energetic respiration than anaerobic respiration. Complex cells first appear (eukaryotic)c. Allows for larger cells and far greater energy generation capacity.
Sun creates it. First chloroplast createdc. Allows for direct energy capture of complex life, and led to plants. Dramatic climb in atmospheric oxygen, to eventually. First large- scale energy users. Deep oceans oxygenatedc. Creates conditions for complex life to appear, first in the global. Cambrian Explosion beginsc.
First complex ecosystems appear. Teeth appearc. 5. Concentrated application of muscle energy. Reef ecosystems. appearc. The most complex aquatic ecosystem appears. Land plants appearc. Energetic basis for land- based ecosystems appears.
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Land animals appearc. Ability to create non- aquatic ecosystems. Jaws appearc. 4. 20 mya. Greatest energy manipulation enhancement among vertebrates until the. Vascular plants appearc.
Ability to create vertical ecosystems. Trees appearc. 3. Largest organisms ever, and greatest energy storage and delivery to.
Fish migrate to. landc. Precursor to dominant land animals. Seed- reproducing plants appearc. Ability to colonize dry lands. Amniotes appearc. Ability to survive in dry lands.
Lignin- digesting organism appearsc. Ability to make tree- stored energy available to ecosystems.
Dinosaurs appearc. Among the first terrestrial animals with upright posture, enabling.
Tools first usedc. Confers energy advantage to tool user. Flowering plants appearc. Great energy innovation to reduce reproductive costs, and animals are.
The control of firec. Allows protohumans to leave trees, become. Earth's dominant predator, alter. Projectile weapons inventedc.
Allows for first low- energy transportation, and ability to travel to. Widespread domestication of plants and animalsc. Provides the local and stable energy supply that allowed for sedentary. First metal smeltedc. Allows for tools highly improved over stone, for greater energy effectiveness. Plow inventedc. 7 kya. Allows for greatly increased energy yields from agriculture.
First sailboat inventedc. First technology to take advantage of non- biological energy.
Wheel inventedc. 5. Reduces energy use for ground- based transportation. Coal first burnedc.
First use of non- biomass for chemical energy. Iron first smeltedc. Allows for vastly improved tools. Coal used to smelt metalc. First use of non- biomass to smelt metal. Watermill inventedc.
First time the energy of the hydrological cycle is harnessed for use. Windmill inventedc. First time wind is harnessed for use on land. Steam engine inventedc.
First time the motive power of fire is harnessed. Europe learns to sail across the world's oceans. The years 1. 42. 0 – 1. Turns global ocean into low- energy transportation lane and allows Europe. First use of coal for smelting metal in England.
First act of Industrial Revolution. First commercial steam engine built. First time the motive power of fire is harnessed to perform work. First practical use of electricityc. New way to use energy would revolutionize civilization.
First commercial oil well drilled. The most coveted fuel of the Industrial Revolution is first used. Incandescent lighting first commercializedc. First commercial use of electricity. No land masses yet. Earth, Moon, and oceans form. Maps begin to be made with confidence at about 7.
Earth’s two Snowball Earth events (1, 2). Banded. iron formations coincide with ice ages. Late Cryogenian Map. Supercontinent. Rodinia breaks up.
Mid- Ediacaran Map. Deep ocean is oxygenated. Late Cambrian Map. Continents primarily in Southern Hemisphere. Late Ordovician. Map. Paleo- Tethys Ocean begins forming.
Mollusks proliferate and. Mid- Silurian Map. Hot, shallow seas dominate biomes. Late Devonian Map.
Continents closing to form Pangaea, ice age begins at end of Devonian. Fishes thrive. 3. Early Carboniferous Map. End- Carboniferous. Map. Atmospheric oxygen levels highest ever, likely due to carbon sequestration. Late Permian Map.
Tethys Ocean forms. Mid- Triassic Map. Pangaea begins to break up. Early Jurassic Map.
Mid- Jurassic Map. Late Jurassic Map. Northern continents split from southern continents. Mid- Cretaceous Map. End- Cretaceous Map. Sea levels dramatically rise.
Paleocene Climate Map. Greenhouse Earth conditions still prevail. Mid- Eocene Map. Late Eocene Map. Warmest epoch in hundreds of millions of years, but began cooling midway. Icehouse Earth conditions. Oligocene Climate Map. Cool epoch, as Antarctic ice sheets form.
Mid- Miocene Map. First half of epoch is warm, then cools down.
Would appear nearly identical to today’s global map. Earth continues to cool, and land bridge of North and South America. South American mammals.
Early Pleistocene. Map. Late- Pleistocene Map. Current ice age begins. Mammals already cold- adapted, and relatively few extinctions, until.
By the 2. 1st century. Sixth Mass Extinction in the eon of complex. When a star becomes a supernova, those heavy elements are sprayed into the.
Earth’s volume is about one trillion cubic kilometers. When life first appeared, it was single- celled and simple. Ediacaran fossils have been found in a few.
Readers for the collective task that I have in mind need to become familiar. FE and other fringe. Unknown, but almost all Ediacaran forms disappeared.
Anoxia Cambrian Explosion Mid- Cambrianc. Unknown, but small shelly fauna largely disappear. Anoxia. End of Golden Age of Trilobites. Unknown, but half of trilobite species go extinct.
Temperature and sea level changes and anoxia. Ecosystem functioning not fundamentally altered.
Climate and sea level changes. Seafloor communities devastated. Climate change, sea level changes, and anoxia. Seafloor communities devastated. Climate change, sea level changes, and anoxia. Late Devonian c. Series of extinctions.
Marine extinction. Sea level changes related to ice age and continental uplift related.
Pangaea. 3. 07 mya. Rainforest collapse.
Ice age. The rise of reptiles. Permian–Triassic c. Series of extinctions. Ammonoid and conodont mass extinction. Volcanism, warming, sea level changes, and anoxia. The dominance of dinosaurs.
Reefs and ammonites devastated. Volcanism, anoxia.
Carbonate hardgrounds become common in calcite. Reef collapse, bivalves had about a 2. Falling sea levels. Cretaceous period rise of ornithischians. Marine event which may have marked the final extinction of ichthyosaurs. Bolide impact, and perhaps also volcanism and sea level changes. The end of dinosaurs and the rise of mammals.
Seafloor communities devastated, up to 5. Volcanism, release of methane hydrates from.
Warm- climate species migrate or go extinct. Half of European mammal genera, all. Migration of Asian mammals to Europe, Icehouse.
Earth conditions in oceans. Relatively cold Oligocene Epoch begins. Warm- climate species migrate or go extinct. North American bivalve species, Florida’s reefs. Closure of gap between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans between the Americas.
Gulf Stream dynamics which may have initiated current. Current ice age in Northern Hemisphere. The majority of mammalian species. May reach 5. 0% or higher by 2. Source: Wikimedia Commons) (map with names is here)Chapter summary: Until Ediacaran fossils were recognized for what they were, the Cambrian Period (c. Darwin onward. An irony of fossilization is that conditions hostile to life usually left the best- preserved.
Around 5. 30 mya, the first brachiopods, reef- building animals, and. Below is an artist's conception. Cambrian seafloor. Holling’s work. has been seminal in this regard.
Source: Wikimedia Commons) (map with names is here)Chapter summary: With the extinction that ended the Cambrian Period, animal life’s greatest. Ordovician. (c. 4.
Source: Wikimedia Commons) (map with names is here)World map at end of Carboniferous Period (c. Source. Wikimedia Commons) (map with names is here)World map in late Permian Period (c. Source: Wikimedia Commons) (map. Chapter summary: The period succeeding the Devonian is called the. Carboniferous (c. Artists have been depicting Carboniferous swamps for more than a century, and.
In the oceans, the Carboniferous is called the Golden Age. Sharks, and ray- finned fish arose to a ubiquity that they have yet to fully. In the early Carboniferous, the continents were still somewhat dispersed. Pangaea. 2. 99 to 2. Source: Wikimedia Commons) (map with names is here)World map in mid- Cretaceous (c. Source: Wikimedia Commons) (map. Chapter summary: The period following the greatest extinction event ever is called the Triassic (c.
Cretaceous (c. 1. Golden Age of Dinosaurs. In the late Jurassic, as ornithischians began to become. Cretaceous extinction: birds.
In the late Jurassic, armored stegosaurs and ankylosaurs. Cretaceous, which reached its peak with Triceratops in the late. Cretaceous. 1. 45 to 6.
It is probably safe to say that if the end- Cretaceous extinction had multiple. Source: Wikimedia Commons) (map with names is here)World map in early- Miocene (c. Source: Wikimedia Commons).